Johari Window
| Known to Self | Not
Known to Self |
| Known to Others |  |  |
| Not Known to Others |  |
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The Johari Window, named after the first names of its inventors, Joseph
Luft and Harry Ingham, is one of the most useful models describing the process
of human interaction. A four paned "window," as illustrated above,
divides personal awareness into four different types, as represented by
its four quadrants: open, hidden, blind, and unknown. The lines dividing
the four panes are like window shades, which can move as an interaction
progresses.
In this model, each person is represented by their own window. Let's describe
mine:
1. The "open" quadrant represents things that
both I know about myself, and that you know about me. For example, I know
my name, and so do you, and if you have explored some of my website, you
know some of my interests. The knowledge that the window represents, can
include not only factual information, but my feelings, motives, behaviors,
wants, needs and desires... indeed, any information describing who I am.
When I first meet a new person, the size of the opening of this first quadrant
is not very large, since there has been little time to exchange information.
As the process of getting to know one another continues, the window shades
move down or to the right, placing more information into the open window,
as described below.
2. The "blind" quadrant represents things
that you know about me, but that I am unaware of. So, for example, we could
be eating at a restaurant, and I may have unknowingly gotten some food on
my face. This information is in my blind quadrant because you can see it,
but I cannot. If you now tell me that I have something on my face, then
the window shade moves to the right, enlarging the open quadrant's area.
Now, I may also have blindspots with respect to many other much more complex
things. For example, perhaps in our ongoing conversation, you may notice
that eye contact seems to be lacking. You may not say anything, since you
may not want to embarrass me, or you may draw your own inferences that perhaps
I am being insincere. Then the problem is, how can I get this information
out in the open, since it may be affecting the level of trust that is developing
between us? How can I learn more about myself? Unfortunately, there is no
readily available answer. I may notice a slight hesitation on your part,
and perhaps this may lead to a question. But who knows if I will pick this
up, or if your answer will be on the mark.
3. The "hidden" quadrant represents things
that I know about myself, that you do not know. So for example, I have not
told you, nor mentioned anywhere on my website, what one of my favorite
ice cream flavors is. This information is in my "hidden" quadrant.
As soon as I tell you that I love "Ben and Jerry's Cherry Garcia"
flavored ice cream, I am effectively pulling the window shade down, moving
the information in my hidden quadrant and enlarging the open quadrant's
area. Again, there are vast amounts of information, virtually my whole life's
story, that has yet to be revealed to you. As we get to know and trust
each other, I will then feel more comfortable disclosing more intimate details
about myself. This process is called: "Self-disclosure."
4. The "unknown" quadrant represents things
that neither I know about myself, nor you know about me. For example, I
may disclose a dream that I had, and as we both attempt to understand its
significance, a new awareness may emerge, known to neither of us before
the conversation took place. Being placed in new situations often reveal
new information not previously known to self or others. For example, I learned
of the Johari window at a workshop conducted by a Japanese American psychiatrist
in the early 1980's. During this workshop, he created a safe atmosphere
of care and trust between the various participants. Usually, I am terrified
of speaking in public, but I was surprised to learn that in such an atmosphere,
the task need not be so daunting. Prior to this event, I had viewed myself
and others had also viewed me as being extremely shy. (The above now reminds
me of a funny joke, which I cannot refrain from telling you. It is said
that the number one fear that people have is speaking in public. Their number
two fear is dying. And the number three fear that people have, is dying
while speaking in public.) Thus, a novel situation can trigger new awareness
and personal growth. The process of moving previously unknown information
into the open quadrant, thus enlarging its area, has been likened to Maslow's
concept of self-actualization. The process can also be viewed as a game,
where the open quadrant is synonymous with the win-win situation.
Much, much more has been written on the Johari window model of human interaction.
The process of enlarging the open quadrant is called self-disclosure, a
give and take process between me and the people I interact with. Typically,
as I share something about myself (moving information from my hidden quadrant
into the open) and if the other party is interested in getting to know me,
they will reciprocate, by similarly disclosing information in their hidden
quadrant. Thus, an interaction between two parties can be modeled dynamically
as two active Johari windows. For example, you may respond to my disclosure
that I like "Cherry Garcia" by letting me know what your favorite
ice cream is, or where a new ice cream shop is being built, kinds of information
in your hidden quadrant. Incidentally, it is fattening, so be careful on
how much you eat!
We believe disclosure to be healthy, at least that's the impression one
gets after reading Freud. However, Anita Kelly recently
wrote that self-disclosure of personal secrets has its dangers. We are often
better off not telling secrets regarding our sexual behavior, mental health
problems or large-scale failures. "If you give people information about
yourself, you give them power over you," she says. Monica Lewinsky's
disclosure to Linda Tripp and the ensuing scandal that enveloped President
Clinton is a case in point. Be forewarned that most secrets get passed along
to at least two more parties. People also misjudge how others respond to
secrets. Sometimes you get negative feedback. For example, a women who reveals
that she was raped may be seen in the future as a victim, or by men as damaged
goods. Now, if you must tell your secret to someone, chose that person very
carefully. Chose someone whose response will give you some insight into
your problem. Unfortunately, such a person is often hard to find. So if
you cannot find anyone appropriate, consider this: that keeping secrets
is healthy and tasteful, because it is a way of managing your identity,
and indicates you are secure and have self-control. But it takes energy,
because you have to be on constant guard not to accidentally reveal something
that is potentially damaging.
As ones level of confidence and self esteem develops, one may actively invite
others to comment on one's blind spots. A teacher may seek feedback from
students on the quality of a particular lecture, with the desire of improving
the presentation. Active
listening skills are helpful in this endeavor. On the other hand, we
all have defenses, protecting the parts of ourselves that we feel vulnerable.
Remember, the blind quadrant contains behavior, feelings and motivations
not accessible to the person, but which others can see. Feelings of inadequacy,
incompetence, impotence, unworthiness, rejection, guilt, dependency, ambivalence
for loved ones, needs to control and manipulate, are all difficult to face,
and yet can be seen by others. To forcibly reveal what another wishes not
to see, is "psychological rape," and can be traumatic. Fortunately,
nature has provided us with a variety of defense mechanisms to cope with
such events, such as denial, ignoring, rationalizing, etc.
The Johari window, essentially being a model for communication, can also
reveal difficulties in this area. In Johari terms, two people attempt to
communicate via the open quadrants. On the simplest level, difficulties
may arise due to a lack of clarity in the interaction, such as poor grammar
or choice of words, unorganized thoughts, faulty logic etc. This induces
the receiver to criticize you, the sender, by revealing something that was
in your blind quadrant. Then, if the feedback works, you correct it immediately,
or perhaps on a more long term approach take a course in reading and writing.
On a deeper level, you may be in a group meeting, and while you secretly
sympathize with the minority viewpoint, you voted with the majority. However,
blind to you, you actually may be communicating this information via body
language, in conflict with your verbal message. On an even deeper level,
you in an interaction with others, may always put on a smiling, happy face,
hiding all negative feelings. By withholding negative feelings, you may
be signaling to your friends to withhold also, and keep their distance.
Thus, your communication style may seem bland or distant.
And let's not forget the parable
of the blind men and the elephant. Our society is constructed so that
many of us get very specialized, knowing only a small academic field very
well, while being virtually ignorant of all others. This specialization
is blinding many of us to what is happening in the world today. According
to R. Buckminister Fuller, this system of education was done on purpose,
to channel the most intelligent people into specialties, enabling them to
be more easily controlled. Noam Chomsky has made similar comments with regards
to the manufacturing enterprise, and how Adam Smith's writings have been
purposely misrepresented. See my webpage On
Education.
In the construction of this website, I am putting more of my knowledge into
the open quadrant. I am consciously using the Johari model to improve my
awareness of the world. If you see one of my blind spots, please feel free
to contact me, and let me know!
References:
Luft, Joseph (1969). "Of Human Interaction," Palo Alto, CA:National
Press, 177 pages.
Kelly, Anita E. and McKillop, Kevin J. (1996), "Consequences of Revealing
Personal Secrets." Psychological Bulletin, v120(3), pg. 450 .
Roan, Shari (1996). "Our secrets are spilling out all over," Los
Angeles Times
External Links: Annenberg
BOLA
Contact
Last updated 26 April 1999
Copyright ©
1999 by Duen
Hsi Yen, All rights reserved.
E-mail: yen@noogenesis.com
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